Revised March 22, 2016; Revised on September 22, 2017, June 28, 2019; November 4, 2021; November 25, 2021 (#3); September 17, 2022; rewritten December 16, 2022; revised February 25, 2024 (#9); rewritten July 27, 2024
The four conditions for attaining the Sotāpanna stage are discussed. One must understand the “previously unknown real nature of this world” revealed by the Buddha.
Buddha Dhamma – A Paradigm-Change of Worldview
1. Buddhism is commonly treated as “another religion.” However, it is strikingly different from traditional religions based on a Creator. See “Is Buddha Dhamma (Buddhism) a Religion?”
▪It is imperative to understand what the Buddha meant by saying, “My Dhamma (teaching) has not been known to the world.” Most people follow the mundane version of Buddhism, which mainly involves living a moral life and following rituals. Instead, they need first to understand the “real nature” of this world, which involves rebirths in suffering-filled existences.
▪Becoming a Sotāpanna REQUIRES understanding the Buddha’s “previously unheard description of nature.”
▪There are eight types of Noble Persons, with the highest at the Arahant stage. One starts at the Sotāpanna Anugāmi stage with a vague understanding of this new worldview; see “Sotāpanna Anugāmi – No More Births in the Apāyā.” One fully comprehends the new worldview and can refrain from attaching to “distorted saññā” (built into the physical body) only at the Arahant stage. It is critical to understand that “view” (diṭṭhi) and “perception” (saññā) are different. See “Sotāpanna Stage via Understanding Perception (Saññā).”
Pre-Conditions to Prepare for the Sotāpanna Stage
2. As discussed in the following posts, one must first complete the mundane (lokiya) eightfold Path to become a Sotāpanna Anugāmi. The Noble Eightfold Path starts at the Sotāpanna Anugāmi stage.
▪I strongly advise reading the following posts and thinking about this issue: “Buddha Dhamma – In a Chart” and the discussion at “What is Unique in Buddha Dhamma?”.
▪As I pointed out in many posts, one on the mundane Path abstains from immoral deeds out of fear of bad outcomes.
▪But when one starts comprehending the Four Noble Truths at the Sotāpanna Anugāmi stage, one avoids such deeds because one sees the futility of such actions. What is the point in hurting others to acquire sensory pleasures that, in the end, do not provide any lasting happiness? Not only that, but such actions will lead to much suffering in future lives.
Four Requirements to Attain the Sotāpanna Stage
3. In many suttās, including “WebLink: suttacentral: Sotāpattiphala Sutta (SN 55.55)” and “WebLink: suttacentral: Dutiya Sāriputta Sutta (SN 55.5),” the four requirements for someone to attain the Sotāpanna stage of Nibbāna are stated: “Cattārome, bhikkhave, dhammā bhāvitā bahulīkatā sotāpattiphalasacchikiriyāya saṃvattanti. Katame cattāro? Sappurisasaṃsevo, saddhammassavanaṃ, yonisomanasikāro, dhammānudhammappaṭipatti“.
▪It is necessary to associate with (Sappurisasaṃsevo) and learn from (saddhammassavanaṃ) a Noble Person (Ariya) to fulfill the first two requirements. Since written texts were not available at the time of the Buddha, one had to listen to (saddhammassavanaṃ) to learn, but nowadays, one can learn by reading or listening.
▪A “sappurisa (sath + purisa or “Noble friend,” i.e., an Ariya),” is sometimes called a “kalyāṇa mittā” (“kalyāna mitrā” in Sanskrit.) [kalyāṇa : [adj.] charming; morally good. (nt.), goodness; merit; virtue; welfare.]
▪Therefore, the first two conditions fulfill the requirement of grasping the basic ideas from an Ariya. This is also called “jānato” or “to become aware of.” Thus, one becomes a “Sotāpanna Anugāmi” at this stage.
4. Once the basic ideas are grasped, a “Sotāpanna Anugami” must contemplate and firmly establish the foundational views in their minds. That involves the last two conditions. That is the “passato” stage to be fulfilled by the Sotāpanna Anugāmi to fully grasp the new worldview and attain the Sotāpanna stage. See ““Jānato Passato” and Ājāniya – Critical Words to Remember.”
▪Yoniso manasikāra means to understand how various rebirths occur according to Paṭicca Samuppāda. Here, “yoni” means “origins,” and “manasikāra” means to “sink into the mind.”
▪The final condition, dhammānudhamma Paṭipadā, involves living by the principles (dhamma) grasped and examining the details of those principles (anudhamma.)
▪The attainment of the Sotāpanna stage (phala moment) can happen any time, anywhere while contemplating.
▪We can look at two accounts from the Tipiṭaka to verify the last statement. Ven. Koṇḍañña attained the Sotāpanna phala moment while contemplating the first discourse delivered by the Buddha: “Imasmiñca pana veyyākaraṇasmiṁ bhaññamāne āyasmato koṇḍaññassa virajaṁ vītamalaṁ dhammacakkhuṁ udapādi.” It is translated incorrectly as “And while this discourse was being spoken, the stainless, immaculate vision of the Dhamma arose in Venerable Koṇḍañña.” See “WebLink: suttacentral: Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (SN 56.11).” The correct translation is, “While contemplating the Buddha’s words, the stainless, immaculate vision of the Dhamma arose in Venerable Koṇḍañña (i.e., he attained the Sotāpanna phala.)
▪Another example is Ven. Cittahattha’s account, “WebLink: Pure Dhamma Forums: The Five Dullabha (Rare Things).” See the description under “Venerable Cittahattha’s Account” and other comments in the thread.
Sotāpanna Anugāmi – Dhammānusārī or Saddhānusārī
5. A Sotāpanna Anugāmi is either a dhammānusārī or a saddhānusārī. For details, see “Sotāpanna Anugāmi – No More Births in the Apāyā.”
▪Also see “Sotāpanna Anugāmi and a Sotāpanna.”
▪During the process of becoming a Sotāpanna, one removes three of the ten sanyojana (or saṁyojana or “mental bonds”). Those ten MENTAL bonds bind one to the cycle of rebirth; see “Conditions for the Four Stages of Nibbāna.”
Uniqueness of Buddha’s Teachings
6. Let us briefly address the issue of the “uniqueness of Buddha’s teachings.” It can be understood only if one accepts (at least temporarily) the “wider worldview of the Buddha.” They include the existence of 31 realms and a rebirth process within those realms based on the natural laws of kamma (karma in Sanskrit.) I have a section discussing the validity of those assumptions/axioms: “Origin of Life.”
▪The central assumption of all puthujjana (those who have not understood Buddha Dhamma) is the following: The world has “pleasurable things,” and the goal is to acquire as many such as possible (and that will lead to happiness.) That seems logical in many cases. Those who have wealth seem to be enjoying life. Modern economies are built around developing mind-pleasing gadgets, residences, movies, music, etc.
▪However, when looked closely, one can see problems in that assumption. Let us discuss a few.
▪Some people have a lot of wealth but suffer due to mental stress or other issues that even lead to suicide. Some are born wealthy but suffer due to an ailment. All, without exception, will suffer in old age.
Paṭicca Samuppāda Leads to Two Key Aspects of Life
7. From the “wider worldview of the Buddha,” the picture is very different. There are two main aspects to pay attention to:
i.Immoral thoughts, speech, and actions by humans seeking “pleasurable things” have unfathomable harsh consequences. Moral and immoral thoughts, speech, and actions maintain the rebirth process. Immoral ones lead to rebirths in the apāyās (lowest four realms), where suffering is harsh. While moral ones lead to rebirths in good (human, Deva, and Brahma) realms, such “good rebirths” are rare. See “How the Buddha Described the Chance of Rebirth in the Human Realm.” The mechanism of how that happens is described by Paṭicca Samuppāda, and the meaning is embedded in the title itself ( “attachment to something leading to the generation of the corresponding ‘bhava’ (and thus jāti)”); see “Paṭicca Samuppāda – ‘Pati+ichcha’ + ‘Sama+uppāda’.”
ii.The second aspect is related to the first: “The new existence has features (specifically “distorted saññā“) built-in according to the type of attachment.” That is also consistent with and explained by Paṭicca Samuppāda. That aspect is to embed a “distorted saññā” according to the type of attachment. For example, human birth is based on craving sensory pleasures, but without involving immoral deeds; thus, a human body is made by kammic energy to provide a “distorted saññā” that such sensory experiences to be “mind-pleasing.” On the other hand, the birth as a pig originated in an immoral, lowly deed. The pig’s body is designed by kammic energy to provide a “distorted saññā” of “tastiness in rotten meat or even feces.”
▪I started discussing the second aspect only recently. See “Sotāpanna Stage via Understanding Perception (Saññā).”
Four Noble Truths, Paṭicca Samuppāda, Tilakkhaṇa
8. Those two aspects explain WHY the Buddha said: “this wider world of 31 realms” has much suffering. Illusory sensory pleasures (due to built-in distorted saññā) keep us bound to the kāma loka and often to the four apāyā. That is the First Noble Truth.
▪The Buddha also said that if one comprehends the First Noble Truth, one will automatically understand the other three. That essential vision or the first inkling of “Sammā Diṭṭhi” is critical.
▪Understanding Paṭicca Samuppāda is essential to understanding the Four Noble Truths. Paṭicca Samuppāda explains how rebirths in various existences occur, including in the apāyās (the four lowest realms, including the animal realm.)
▪That will lead to an understanding of the actual frightful nature of this world, i.e., Tilakkhaṇa (anicca, dukkha, anatta). Details at “Paṭicca Samuppāda, Tilakkhaṇa, Four Noble Truths.”
Only a Noble Person Can Explain Those Concepts
9. Now, it is easier to grasp why the Buddha emphasized the importance of those four conditions. First, since Buddha’s message is unique (as summarized in #7 above), it has to come from a Buddha or “someone whose knowledge traces back to the Buddha.” The following is an analogy to explain that.
▪The Buddha can be compared to a great tree, standing tall and firm. All other humans are like “climbers” that need a tree to “climb up.” Such climbers do not have strong enough stems, so they cannot stand erect on their own. They need the support of another plant or a stick to stand. Those plants are called climbers. Climbers have tendrils to hold the supporting plant or a post. Following are some examples.
▪Let us think of a forest with numerous climbers, but only one tree and no other supports such as sticks. The only way for a climber to “climb up” would be to get hold of that tree.
▪Only climbers close to the tree can reach it and climb. But now others can, too. Thus, as more climbers start climbing, the “access area” grows.
▪Therefore, if we can find a climber climbing up, we can ALWAYS trace it back to the original tree. In the same way, an Ariya or a Noble person (a Sotāpanna, Sakadāgāmi, Anāgāmi, or Arahant) can ALWAYS be traced back in lineage to the Buddha.
▪Because the message is unique, it has to come from the Buddha himself or someone whose lineage is traceable to the Buddha. Without exposure to the correct message, one cannot attain even the Sotāpanna Anugāmi stage. Someone aspiring to become an Ariya MUST learn that Dhamma from another Ariya; see “Buddha Dhamma – In a Chart.”
10. Now, we can see the logic of the first two conditions. One has to learn Dhamma (the correct version), AND thus, it can be learned only from an Ariya (Noble) person.
▪The phrase “Kalyāṇa mitrā” is Sanskrit; in Pāli, it is “kalyāṇa mittā” (pronounced “miththā”), for “a friend who helps to remove defilements” (“kāla” is for “dirty” or “blackish” as in “dirty water” and “na” is for “removing”).
▪Many people consider “Kalyāṇa mitrā” to be a “good friend” in the conventional sense. But it is more than just “good.” One needs to know the message of the Buddha to convey it to others.
▪That is possible by listening to or reading about this correct message, which fulfills the first two conditions and leads to a tentative grasping of the foundational concepts (jānato).
Value of a Noble Friend (Kalyāṇa Mittā)
11. One time, Ven. Ānanda, who was the personal assistant to the Buddha for many years, in the end, approached the Buddha and said, “Bhante (Venerable Sir), I have been thinking that the future of the Buddha Sāsana (doctrine) must be dependent at least 50% on the kalyāṇa mittās”.
▪The Buddha replied, “Ānanda, do not say that. The Buddha Sāsana will depend 100% on the kalyāṇa mittās”. Now we can see why. See “WebLink: suttacentral: Upaḍḍha Sutta (SN 45.2).”
▪If that lineage breaks, that is the end of Buddha Sāsana. The words may still be there in books, but there will be no one to explain the true meanings of the keywords, including anicca, dukkha, and anatta.
▪In the Vinaya Piṭaka, the Buddha said Buddha Dhamma would FLOURISH only for 500 years (that does not mean it would disappear): “WebLink: suttacentral: Nuns (Bhikkhuni) (Vinaya Kd 20)” The “WebLink: suttacentral: Gotamī Sutta (AN 8.51)” says the same.
▪After that, there will be periods where the teachings will go “underground,” meaning the absence of Ariyas, who can explain the teachings. A jāti Sotāpanna with the paṭisambhidā ñāṇa must be born from time to time to recover the actual teachings.
12. The Buddha emphasized that his teachings (among humans) will not disappear as long as there are at least Sotāpannas among humans who can keep passing down the teachings to the next generation.
▪That is in the “WebLink: suttacentral: Mahāparinibbāna Sutta (DN 16)”: “Yasmiṁ kho, subhadda, dhammavinaye ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo na upalabbhati, samaṇopi tattha na upalabbhati. Dutiyopi tattha samaṇo na upalabbhati. Tatiyopi tattha samaṇo na upalabbhati. Catutthopi tattha samaṇo na upalabbhati. Yasmiñca kho, subhadda, dhammavinaye ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo upalabbhati, samaṇopi tattha upalabbhati, dutiyopi tattha samaṇo upalabbhati, tatiyopi tattha samaṇo upalabbhati, catutthopi tattha samaṇo upalabbhati. Imasmiṁ kho, subhadda, dhammavinaye ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo upalabbhati, idheva, subhadda, samaṇo, idha dutiyo samaṇo, idha tatiyo samaṇo, idha catuttho samaṇo, suññā parappavādā samaṇebhi aññehi. –Ime ca, subhadda, bhikkhū sammā vihareyyuṁ, asuñño loko arahantehi assāti.”
That means: “Subhadda, in whatever teaching and training the noble eightfold path is not found, there is no true Sotāpanna, Sakadāgāmi, Anāgāmi, or Arahant. In whatever teaching and training the noble eightfold path is found, there is a true Sotāpanna, a Sakadāgāmi, an Anāgāmi, and an Arahant. The noble eightfold path is found in this teaching (Buddha Dhamma) and training (Vinaya).
– As long as bhikkhus maintain the Ariya lineage, this world will have Arahants.”
Jāti Sotāpanna With Paṭisambhidā Ñāṇa
13. Thus, the teachings of the Buddha go “underground” for long periods. But once in a while, a “jāti Sotāpanna” is born who has fulfilled his pāramitā to bring back the message of the Buddha-like Venerable Mahinda about 600 years after the Buddha. They must not only jāti Sotāpannas but have the “paṭisambhidā ñāṇa” to figure out the true meanings of key Pāli words, such as anicca, dukkha, anatta, and Paṭicca Samuppāda.
▪I believe this is such a time. Pure Buddha Dhamma was hidden for hundreds of years until revealed by Waharaka Thēro: “Parinibbāna of Waharaka Thero.”
▪Many “climbers” worldwide have already started “climbing up.” I am encouraged by emails from many reading this website about their joy in comprehending the “pure Dhamma.”
Yoniso Manasikāra With the Comprehension of Paṭicca Samuppāda
14. The third condition is to “act with yoniso manasikāra.” Here, “yoni” means “origin,” “so” means “oneself,” and “manasikāra” means “comprehension.”
▪One understands how one can be reborn in a given realm (existence) based on one’s actions (abhisaṅkhāra.) One acts with the opposite of yoniso manasikāra (i.e., ayoniso manasikāra) when one generates abhisaṅkhāra with “avijjā paccayā saṅkhāra.” That initiates the Paṭicca Samuppāda process.
▪“Yoni” in Pāli and Sinhala means the birth canal; thus, yoniso manasikāra means the “understanding of origins.” One grasps yoniso manasikāra (i.e., the causes that lead to births in various realms) by comprehending Paṭicca Samuppāda.
15. Paṭicca Samuppāda explains the arising of “bhava” and “jāti” according to one’s gati; see “Gati to Bhava to Jāti – Ours to Control.”
▪With that understanding, one will be motivated to cultivate “gati” to make good decisions, either automatically or by contemplating them. In other words, one can make better moral judgments and act with paññā (wisdom).
▪No one wants to be born a dog. But if one acts like a dog, one will likely be born a dog. Dogs won’t hesitate to engage in inappropriate behavior: they defecate anywhere, engage in sex with any female dog, possibly even their kids, etc. With the comprehension of Paṭicca Samuppāda, we can figure out what kind of actions/speech/thoughts (abhisaṅkhāra) lead to what types of rebirths.
Connection to Tilakkhaṇa
16. The Vibhaṅgapakarana (Second Book of the Abhidhamma Piṭaka (BJT), p. 234) explains ayoniso manasikāra as “perceiving anicca as nicca, dukkha as sukha, and anatta as atta.” Thus, acting with yoniso manasikāra requires comprehending anicca, dukkha, and anatta. That is another way to express the deductions from Paṭicca Samuppāda. [947. Tattha katamo ayoniso manasikāro: anicce niccanti ayoniso manasikāro, dukkhe sukhanti ayoniso manasikāro. Anattani attāti ayoniso manasikāro, asubhe subhanti ayoniso manasikāro, saccavippaṭikūlena vā cittassa āvaṭṭanā anvāvaṭṭana1 ābhogo samannāhāro manasikāro, ayaṃ vuccati ayoniso manasikāro.]
▪To state that briefly, one generates abhisaṅkhāra with “avijjā paccayā saṅkhāra” because one believes that things in this world can provide happiness in the long run. But that is acting with ayoniso manasikāra because those only lead to “bhava” and “jāti,” ending with a “whole mass suffering.” To act with yoniso manasikāra is to see the unfruitfulness of these struggles to attain something that is not attainable. See #7 of “Yoniso Manasikāra and Paṭicca Samuppāda.”
▪Even more importantly, one will automatically avoid those deeds (done with abhisaṅkhāra) that can lead to rebirth in the apāyā.
▪Thus, “yoniso manasikāra” has a deeper meaning than “appropriate attention.” In particular, a Sotāpanna comprehends “paṭi + icca” leads to “sama+uppāda”; see, “Paṭicca Samuppāda – “Pati+ichcha”+”Sama+uppāda”.
Fourth Condition – Dhammānudhamma Paṭipadā
17. When meeting the first three conditions, one is set to fulfill the fourth, “Dhammānudhamma Paṭipadā.” Here “Dhammānudhamma” is “Dhamma + anuhamma,” where “Dhamma” is Buddha Dhamma, which is Paṭicca Samuppāda. The Buddha stated, “Yo Paṭiccasamuppādaṁ passati, so Dhammaṁ passati.” (i.e., “Whoever understands Paṭicca Samuppāda understands my Dhamma.”)
▪Here, we need to understand that “Dhamma” can mean to bear “things in this world” or “Buddha Dhamma,” which is to bear “things that will enable one to transcend/escape this world.” See “Dhamma – Different Meanings Depending on the Context” and “What are Rūpa? – Dhammā are Rūpa too!.”
18. Anudhamma means “other Dhamma compatible with Paṭicca Samuppāda,” and “Paṭipadā” is “to follow.” Thus it means following other aspects of Buddha Dhamma (such as Tilakkhaṇa, moral conduct, etc.)
▪There are four suttas, starting with the “WebLink: suttacentral: Anudhamma Sutta (SN 22.39)” that describe various “anudhamma” like anicca, dukkha, and anatta.
▪Those suttas describe Dhammānudhamma Paṭipadā as living with a clear vision of the anicca, dukkha, and anatta nature of the pañcakkhandha (rūpa, vedanā, saññā, saṅkhāra, viññāṇa).
19. Fulfilling the third and fourth conditions leads to firmly grasping the “correct worldview” at some point. That can happen anywhere, anytime, while engaged in contemplation. That is the second step of “passato” mentioned in #4 above. That is also the Sotāpanna phala moment, making one a Sotāpanna.
▪It is to be noted that a Sotāpanna Anugāmi will attain the Sotāpanna stage within that lifetime (before dying.) See “Sotāpanna Anugāmi – No More Births in the Apāyā.”
Next, “How Does One Know whether the Sotāpanna Stage is Reached?”, ………..