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Re-written May 26, 2019; revised June 13, 2020; August 23, 2022; December 3, 2022
This post originally had the title, “Anicca – Inability to Maintain Anything.” I have re-written it with a new title to emphasize the meaning in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta (SN 56.11); for more details: “Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta.”
1. The First Noble Truth clearly states that anicca nature is the root cause of suffering. Let us look at how the Buddha summarized the First Noble Truth about suffering in that very first sutta he delivered.
Idaṁ kho pana, bhikkhave, dukkhaṁ ariya saccaṁ:
jātipi dukkhā, jarāpi dukkhā, byādhipi dukkho, maraṇampi dukkhāṁ, appiyehi sampayogo dukkho, piyehi vippayogo dukkho, yampicchaṁ na labhati tampi dukkhāṁ—saṁkhittena pañcupādānakkhandhā dukkhā. [saṅkhittena means with through overthrown by defilements]
Translated: Bhikkhus, What is the Noble Truth of Suffering?
“Birth is suffering, getting old is suffering, getting sick is suffering, dying is suffering. Having to associate with things one does not like is suffering and having to separate from those things one likes is suffering. If one does not get what one likes, that is suffering – in brief, the origin of suffering is the craving for the five aggregates of rūpa, vedanā, saññā, saṅkhāra, viññāṇa (pañcupādānakkhandha). Pañcupādānakkhandha (upādāna or the “tendency to keep close” to pañcakkhandha) includes all that we crave in this world.
▪Note that “yampicchaṁ” is “yam pi icchaṁ” or “what one likes.”
Analysis of the First Noble Truth
2. The first part in bold indicates what we consider to be forms of suffering: Birth, getting old, getting sick, and dying.
▪We also DO NOT LIKE to get old or get sick, and do not like to die. If we have to experience any of them, that is suffering.
▪We want to stay young, not get old, not get sick, and not die ever. If we can have those conditions fulfilled we will be forever happy.
▪Stopping (re)birth is the only way to avoid sicknesses, old age, and death. Even births in Deva and Brahma realms will end up in death. All births end up in old age and death.
▪Therefore, the suffering that the Buddha taught in his first discourse was associated with the rebirth process.
3. That is what the second part of the verse in #1 (not in bold) says: Having to associate with things that one does not like is suffering, and having to separate from those one likes is suffering.
▪We all have experienced sorrow when separating from those who we like. We also feel distressed when we associate with those we do not like.
▪If we can be born instantaneously at a young age (say, 15 to 25 years) and stay at that age without getting old or sick and never die, that is what we WOULD LIKE. But no matter how much we would like to associate with such a life, we will NEVER get it.
▪Instead, we have to suffer through each life. Each birth ends up in death. Furthermore, we suffer when getting old, when getting sick/injured, and finally when dying. We cannot dissociate from those four things that we do not like.
▪But that is not the end of it. We keep doing this over and over in the rebirth cycle. Furthermore, things can worsen in the lowest four realms, including the animal realm.
We Suffer When We Do Not Get What We Desire
4. Both those parts are combined into one succinct statement in the third part of the verse in #1 (in bold): “Yampiccaṁ na labhati tampi dukkhaṁ.”
“Yampicchaṁ na labhati tampi dukkhaṁ” is a shortened version of the verse (that rhymes).
The complete sentence (without word combinations) is, “Yam pi icchaṁ na labhati tam pi dukkhaṁ.”
▪“Yam pi icchaṁ” means “whatever is liked or craved for.” “Na labhati” means “not getting.” “Tam pi dukkhaṁ” means “that leads to suffering.”
▪Therefore, that verse says: “If one does not get what one craves or likes, that leads to suffering.”
▪This is a more general statement and applies to any situation. We can see that in our daily lives. We like to hang out with people we like, and it is stressful to be with people we do not like.
▪Furthermore, the more one craves something, the more suffering one will endure. But this requires a lot of discussions.
Anicca – The Inability to Fulfill Our Desires
5. The negation of the word “nicca” is “anicca” (“na” + “icca”), just like the word Anāgāmi comes from “na” + “āgāmi.” Therefore, even though we would like Nature to be “nicca,” in reality, it is “anicca,” i.e., it is not possible, in the long run, to have, to be with, what we like, and that is the root cause of suffering. One may live most of one’s life happily, but one must leave all that behind when one dies.
▪A deeper point is that we all like to be born in good realms, but most future births will NOT be to our liking but are based on “Paṭicca Samuppāda.”
▪By the way, Pāli words “icca” and “anicca” are pronounced “ichcha” and “anichcha.”
▪Not getting what one desires or craves is the opposite of “icca” or “na icca” or “anicca.” This is the same way that “na āgami” becomes “Anāgāmi” (“na āgami” means “not coming back”; but in the context of Anāgāmi, it means “not coming back to kāma loka or the lowest 11 realms. These are examples of Pāli sandhi rules (connecting two words).
6. Therefore, “yampiccaṁ nalabhati tampi dukkhaṁ” is the most crucial verse in the first sutta delivered by the Buddha, Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. It provides the key to understanding the Buddha’s message and led to the attaining of the Sotāpanna stage by the five ascetics.
▪Note that icca and iccha (ඉච්ච and ඉච්ඡ in Sinhala) appear in the Tipiṭaka under different suttā. The word “iccha,” with the emphasis on the last syllable is used to indicate “strong icca” or “strong attachment.”
▪The word “icca” (liking) is closely related to “taṇhā” (getting attached). Taṇhā happens automatically because of icca.
▪The intrinsic nature of this world is “anicca,” i.e., we will never get what we crave, and thus, in the end (at least at death) we will leave all this behind and suffer, that is dukkha.
Nicca – The Wrong Perception We Have
7. It is essential to realize that nicca is the PERCEPTION that one can maintain things one likes to one’s satisfaction.
▪If this is the case, one is happy, i.e., sukha arises, or at least suffering does not arise. In that case, one is in control, and something fruitful is to be had, i.e., attā. Thus even if one needs to work hard to get something that can be maintained to one’s satisfaction, in the end, one can find permanent happiness, and one is in control of one’s destiny.
▪Humans typically have that nicca saññā and work hard to gain material things. But at death, one has to leave behind all those possessions, and thus one’s life ALWAYS ends in despair and suffering (in addition to suffering due to old age).
▪When one realizes the true “anicca nature,” one will see that one will be trapped in the rebirth process and be subjected to much suffering in the rebirth process. The Buddha advised cultivating the anicca saññā by constantly thinking about that reality.
▪More information on anicca as the opposite of “nicca”: “Three Marks of Existence – English Discourses.”
Root Cause of Suffering Is Anicca Nature
8. Thus, the root cause of suffering is NOT impermanence, even though it does play a role.
▪The world is inherently impermanent (see “The Grand Unified Theory of Dhamma”). However, impermanence by itself does not lead to suffering. If that is the case, since no one can change that fact, no one will be able to end the suffering (and attain Nibbāna).
▪The wrong PERCEPTION (saññā) of nicca leads to suffering. We struggle to find lasting happiness in a world that intrinsically has the anicca nature.
▪That wrong perception CAN BE changed by learning and contemplating Dhamma, i.e., by cultivating the anicca saññā.
▪The CORRECT PERCEPTION of anicca (once accepted by the mind), will lead to cessation of suffering (via the four stages of Sotāpanna, Sakadāgāmi, Anāgāmi, Arahant).
Also see, “Does Impermanence Lead to Suffering?”, ………..
Things We Like Cannot Be Kept That Way for Too Long
9. The above point can be illustrated with the following video:
“WebLink: ranker.com: Celebrities Who Have Aged the Worst“
▪We must realize that we all will undergo such inevitable changes as we age. No matter how hard we try, it is not possible to maintain ANYTHING to our satisfaction. It is the nature of “this world.”
▪Of course, any of these celebrities (or their fans) would be saddened to see the comparison. They have not been able to maintain their bodies to their satisfaction.
▪However, a person on bad terms with any of these celebrities could be happy to see these pictures because they wish to see something bad happen to the celebrity (in this case, to lose their “looks”).
▪Thus “impermanence” is inevitable; it is a property of anything in this world. But the perception of “anicca” is in someone’s mind. In the above case, the bodies of celebrities ARE impermanent; but that did not necessarily cause suffering to ALL. Even those celebrities, if they realize that anicca nature cannot be avoided, would not undergo additional suffering by subjecting themselves to plastic surgeries, botox treatments, etc. Most of all, depression can be avoided.
▪Anicca nature leads to suffering for ALL. But many go through added suffering by trying to “overcome it.” More importantly, one can stop future suffering by comprehending the anicca nature.
Root Cause of Depression
10. When one realizes that one cannot maintain something that is desired after a long struggle, one becomes distraught, depressed, and unsatisfied (“yam pi icchaṁ na labati tam pi dukkhaṁ”, where “na labati” means “not get”). Thus the wrong perception of nicca (or a sense of fulfillment of one’s desires) ALWAYS leads to dukha or suffering in the end.
▪The mindset is that even if something is not permanent and breaks down, one can always replace it with a new one and feel the sense of fulfillment one desires. It is not the impermanence that gives a sense of invincibility but the mindset that one can always find a replacement for it and maintain one’s happiness.
▪But suppose one carefully examines the broader worldview of the Buddha. Then, one can easily see that this mindset of the possibility of “long-lasting happiness in this world” is an illusion.
▪No matter what we achieve in this life, we HAVE TO leave it all behind when we die.
▪And in the new life, we start all over; this is what we have been doing from the beginning-less time.
▪And, of course, we make it worse by doing immoral things, “trying to maintain things to our satisfaction,” and thus generating bad kamma vipāka, leading to immense suffering in the four lowest realms (apāyā).
Anicca Nature Leads to Suffering and Helplessness
11. In the Saṁyutta Nikāya (Anicca Vagga), many suttā, including WebLink: suttacentral: Ajjhattanicca Sutta (SN 35.1), WebLink: suttacentral: Bahiranicca Sutta (SN 35.4), and WebLink: suttacentral: Yadanicca sutta (SN 22.15), the Buddha stated that the three characteristics of “this world” (anicca, dukkha, anatta) are RELATED to each other:
“yadaniccaṁ taṁ dukkhaṁ, taṁ dukkhaṁ tadanatta” (expanded to “yad aniccaṁ taṁ dukkhaṁ, taṁ dukkhaṁ tad anatta”), or,
– “if something cannot be maintained (or managed depending on the case) to one’s satisfaction, suffering arises, therefore, one is helpless in the end.”
Impermanence Does Not Always Lead to Suffering
12. Consider the examples in bullet #10 of the introductory post “Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – Wrong Interpretations.”
▪If we take a “headache” as the “something,” the statement now reads as follows. “If a headache cannot be managed to one’s satisfaction (i.e., if one cannot get rid of the headache), suffering arises. Therefore one is helpless.”
▪Similarly, you can substitute anything we considered in the previous post and see that it will hold.
▪On the other hand, if anicca means “impermanence,” the statement reads: “If a headache is impermanent, suffering arises. Therefore, one is helpless.” That is not correct. Suffering would arise only if the headache becomes permanent!
Anicca Nature Is There in All the Realms of This World
13. No existence in “this world” is exempt from these three characteristics. It applies to all 31 realms. Even though one may be able to find happiness at certain times, nothing we do can get us out of the realities of getting old, sick, and finally dying. Then the cycle repeats in the next life, and next, ….
▪Furthermore, any such “happy times” are insignificantly small in the sansāric time scale; see “The Four Stages in Attaining Nibbāna,” and “Rebirth – Connection to Suffering in the First Noble Truth.”
14. But the good news is that we can gain a kind of happiness that will not go away by comprehending the anicca nature, especially if one attains at least the Sotāpanna stage of Nibbāna; see, “Three Kinds of Happiness – What is Nirāmisa Sukha?,” and “Nibbāna – Is it Difficult to Understand?.”
15. The Tipiṭaka describes the concept of anicca in many different ways. Two more are discussed in “Anicca – Repeated Arising/Destruction” and “Anicca – Worthlessness of Worldly Things.”