Bhāvanā (Meditation) > 10. Attaining the Sotāpanna Stage via Removing Diṭṭhāsava

The top 10 posts in this section describe the fundamentals of Buddhist meditation. The rest of the posts in this section discuss meditation subjects. They clarify unresolved questions and gain samādhi. The first 11 posts should be followed in that order, at least initially.

July 30, 2015: I have re-written the two posts #10 and #11 (previously titled, “10. Magga Phala and Ariya Jhānā via Cultivation of Satta Bojjhaṅga” and “11. How to Select and “Grow” Meditation Procedures for Magga Phala”) that were written some time back with different titles. Over the past two months, I have clarified some subtle issues in my experience and technical details. Revised August 5, 2017; September 19, 2018 (updated links).

▪First, the order of things: samādhi, magga phala, and then Ariya jhānā in that order; see, “Possible Outcomes of Meditation – Samādhi, Jhāna, Magga Phala.”

▪Thus jhānā (Ariya or anāriya) are not necessary to attain the Sotāpanna stage; see the posts in the “Sotāpanna Stage of Nibbāna” section for details on this and many other aspects.

1. First, it would be challenging to get to even a state of samādhi if one is not keeping up the “conventional” five precepts: abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and using drugs or getting intoxicated. Those things make the mind restless, and hard for the mind to focus attention (the five hindrances “cover the mind”). Just strictly obeying the five precepts may not be effective if one’s mind is full of jealousy, extreme greed, hate, etc.; see “The Five Precepts – What the Buddha Meant by Them.”

▪Just like one cannot see the bottom of a well if it is highly contaminated, the mind (and the body) will not “feel anything” even in a formal meditation session if the mind is “highly contaminated.” And there is no point in trying to take out the “small defilements” (such as abstaining from taking a glass of wine) if one is engaged in immoral activities.

▪With the “big defilements” removed, one starts seeing a little bit further down the well; similarly, one’s mind will become lighter, with less stress, even when not in a formal meditation session. Siting down in a quiet place makes it easier to get to some state of “samādhi,” or tranquility.

▪The Buddha said that “kusala sīla” leads to the tranquility of the body and mind, leading to samādhi. The “kusala sīla” accomplished via gaining Sammā Diṭṭhi (to some extent) is all that is needed to attain the upacāra samādhi needed for the Sotāpanna magga/phala. All three saṁyojana removed at the Sotāpanna stage (sakkāya diṭṭhi, vicikicchā, sīlabbata parāmāsa) are associated with the wrong vision or diṭṭhi.

2. Many believe one needs to “get to samādhi” using a separate meditation technique such as conventional breath meditation. Even though one could do that, it would be a waste of time. One can get to samādhi by listening or reading attentively to CORRECT dhamma.

▪There is not even a single reference in the Tipiṭaka where the Buddha asked anyone to do a “Samatha Bhāvanā” first and then to “vipassana bhāvanā.” When one comprehends Dhamma, one’s mind gets calm, and through that Samatha state, one can get to magga phala.

▪After attaining the Sotāpanna stage, one can get to Ariya jhānā by focusing on that “state of cooling down” that one has already achieved to some extent, to get to jhānā.

▪One needs formal meditation techniques to attain higher magga phala, i.e., above the Sotāpanna stage; the reason will become clear shortly. However, it is fine to do formal meditation even to attain the Sotāpanna stage. In the following, I will describe what I went through.

3. To get to samādhi, contemplating Dhamma concepts will make it easier and faster. Also, one can stay in “meditation” for a longer time. Different names used are insight meditation (vipassana), many forms of “anupassanā,” and cultivating the “dhamma vicaya” sabbojjhaṅga. Concomitantly, one must do the correct version of “Ānāpānasati” at all times.

▪In principle, working towards the Sotāpanna stage does not require formal meditation techniques even though meditation can help; countless people attained the Sotāpanna or even higher stages of Nibbāna just by listening to a Dhamma discourse.

▪It is quite essential to understand this point. Many people have one or more misconceptions about reaching the Sotāpanna stage. (i) Giving up all worldly possessions, (ii) Becoming a bhikkhu or living in seclusion, and (iii) One needs many meditation techniques.

▪To clarify this issue, let us examine what is involved in attaining the Sotāpanna stage.

4. Removal of cravings for worldly pleasures or āsavas (āsavakkhaya) leads to Nibbāna; see, “Āsava, Anusaya (Temptation), and Gati (Gathi).”

▪Out of the four āsavās that we have, only one goes away at the Sotāpanna stage: diṭṭhāsava or the craving for wrong worldviews. In the Sabbāsava Sutta [MN 2], this is referred to as removal by clear vision (“dassanena pahātabbā,” where dassanena is vision and pahātabba is removal).

▪The other three āsavas of kāmāsava (craving for sense pleasures), bhavāsava (desire to live somewhere in the 31 realms of this world), and avijjāsava (ignorance of anicca, dukkha, and anatta) go away at the higher stages of Nibbāna; see the above post.

5. The critical point is that one does “apāyagāmi apuññābhisaṅkhāra” (or strong immoral deeds that make one eligible to be born in the lower four realms) only when one has wrong worldviews. Contrary to most people’s beliefs, one does not need to lose the craving for sense pleasures to attain the Sotāpanna stage. Kāma āsava is reduced in stages in the Sotāpanna and Sakadāgāmī stages and is removed only at the Anāgāmī stage.

▪That is why learning dhamma concepts and getting rid of “diṭṭhis” or “wrong views” is key in attaining the Sotāpanna stage, as I emphasized in several posts; if you enter “diṭṭhi” in the Search box on the top right, you will see many relevant posts.

▪We all have many diṭṭhis. These can be removed only by learning the world’s true nature, i.e., by learning Dhamma.

▪One meaning of Sotāpanna (“sota” + “paññā”) is “one who has cultivated wisdom by listening to Dhamma”; in the days of the Buddha, that was how one learned Dhamma, by listening.

6. Even before meeting my teacher Theros, I had been thinking about dhamma concepts for 3-4 years and trying to get a consistent picture in my mind. Even at that time, I could focus my mind and quickly get to samādhi.

▪When I “got stuck” trying to figure out what a particular concept means concerning others, I would look through books and listen to desanās (discourses) on the internet. At this stage, I realized that most of the explanations did not make sense and were not consistent with other key concepts.

▪For example, I struggled to explain the rebirth stories to many children. If “being born human” is so difficult as explained in many suttā (see, “Rebirth – Connection to Suffering in the First Noble Truth”), then how can all those children remember their recent past lives? Furthermore, there were “gaps” from the time they died in their previous life to the time they were born in this life.

▪Once I met my teacher Thero, I clarified that issue along with numerous others: Birth is different from “human bhava”; see, “Bhava and Jāti – States of Existence and Births Therein.” Also, when one dies and has energy left in the “human bhava,” one becomes a gandhabba and has to wait until a suitable womb becomes available; see “Mental Body – Gandhabba.”

▪Thus rebirth in the human realm does not happen instantaneously. One could be in the gandhabba state for years before being directed to a suitable womb. And one can be born in the human realm many times before the kammic energy for that “human bhava” is exhausted.

7. However, I could get to samādhi even before resolving many of these issues. I was making steady progress with the concepts that I could quickly grasp. I would sit at the desk, contemplate, and feel my body lighter and my mind calm. It was much better than just wasting time doing “breath meditation.”

▪If I sat in a quiet place and meditated (contemplating a Dhamma concept), my mind would “latch on to it,” and I could get to an anāriya jhānic experience. That started a year before I learned the true meanings of “anicca, dukkha, and anatta.”

▪It started with “tingling sensations inside my brain”; I could feel things happening there. And then I could feel “needle pricks” all over the body, and my body would start “freezing,” mostly the upper body. These “symptoms” are not common to all.

▪Learning Dhamma is a critical part of “kusala sīla,” especially for the Sotāpanna stage. Kusala sīla automatically leads to samādhi, as discussed in the “Na Cetanākaranīya Sutta.”

8. After I heard the “true meanings of anicca, dukkha, anatta,” I made progress very quickly. Looking back now, I may have attained the Sotāpanna stage while listening to that first desana. However, it took me some time to realize and convince myself. One needs to look back at the progress one has made and see that one is now incapable of committing immoral deeds that would make one eligible for rebirth in the apāyā.

▪I was overjoyed with comprehending the “foundation of Buddha Dhamma.” It does not make sense to struggle to seek more worldly pleasures and possessions. That is guaranteed to be a failure in the long run. One spends one’s whole life making money to enjoy such “pleasures,” and before one realizes it, one has come to old age. I would call or e-mail my friends and tell them they needed to listen to desanas by those Theros.

▪It took me a little while to realize that most of them could not figure out what I was excited about. Now, looking back, I realize that their minds were not ready. They were too busy making “more money.” It was a revelation for me, who had been seriously struggling for a few years. But most people who just spent a bit of their time reading critical concepts do not “connect.” Reading Dhamma should not be done the same way as reading a newspaper or a novel; one needs to be engaged.

▪After getting the true meaning of “anicca, dukkha, anatta,” I spent the next few months scouring the internet for the desanas of those Theros. After five months, I traveled to Sri Lanka and brought back more material to listen to. It was so fulfilling and exciting; I was learning at a very rapid pace. At that time I didn’t even think about jhānā, but I could feel “jhānic effects,” i.e., my samādhi was getting intense, even though I was not trying to cultivate them.

▪September 19, 2018 update: I have been listening to only those desanas by Waharaka Thero for the past few years. They are available only in the Sinhala language at “සදහම් දේශනා”; also see: “Parinibbāna of Waharaka Thero.”

9. Even though I had an inkling about reaching the Sotāpanna stage soon after listening to that desanā, I developed the jhānā some months later. However, those turned out not to be Ariya jhānā though, since they can be attained only by an Anāgāmi; see, “11. Magga Phala and Ariya Jhānā via Cultivation of Satta Bojjhaṅga.”

▪These and other aspects of Ariya and anāriya jhāna are discussed in the section: “Samādhi, Jhāna (Dhyāna), Magga Phala.”

▪Once I finished investigating and “filling the gaps,” the jhānā came almost automatically. The meditation experience I described in #7 became much stronger; I could close my eyes and “feel the change in the head and the body” within minutes (and, nowadays, within seconds).

10. The above is what I mean when I say, “feel the results of meditation.” One can feel it in the body as well as in mind. Let us first discuss the reasons for the “body effect” and the “mind effect.”

▪We have a very complex nervous system that the brain uses to control various body parts and communicate with the five physical senses. A “duplicate nervous system” is associated with the manomaya kāya, and as we grow up, those two systems get somewhat displaced. The displacement becomes more prominent when we start enhancing all types of bad habits; they go “out of sync.”

▪When we start learning Dhamma and avoid the most egregious acts, the two nervous systems try to get to the ideal overlap positions, and one could feel that. That becomes noticeable during meditation. Some people may feel aches and pains, sweating, etc. That is why I had said in other posts that things MAY look worse before getting better. In a way, such “body signals” are a good sign; it means the body is starting to respond.

11. Now to the “mind effect.” Many people tell me that they cannot keep their minds focused on even their breath for too long. That is a sansāric habit; the mind does not like staying in one place. It wants to “know” about everything happening in the vicinity and randomly think about past events or plans.

▪The only way to remove this “bad habit” is to start thinking about Dhamma concepts slowly. And that cannot be forced either. Unless and until the mind sees the benefits of learning Dhamma, it can be a “chore” to some people. But once one gets some traction, one starts enjoying the “taste of Dhamma,” and it is easy to stay focused.

▪The key here is that when one learns Dhamma, “diṭṭhāsava” (or craving for wrong worldviews) starts to dissolve, initially slowly, but picks up speed as one starts grasping concepts.

▪The two critical components of pañca nīvaraṇa (kāmacchanda and vyāpāda) reduce as diṭṭhāsava reduced. That, in turn, lead to the reduction of the other three of the pañca nīvaraṇa. This process goes all the way to the Sotāpanna stage.

12. Of course, I did not realize until after meeting my teacher Thero (online) that what I had been doing all along was a crude version of the Satta Bojjhaṅga Bhāvanā. The crucial part of that is dhamma vicaya (contemplating Dhamma concepts). [vicaya :[m.] investigation.]

▪That is how one cultivates the “anicca saññā” which is the key to removing defilements permanently. See “What is the only Akusala Removed by a Sotāpanna?” and “How to Cultivate the Anicca Saññā.”

▪The formal Satta Bojjhaṅga bhāvanā is discussed in the next post, “11. Magga Phala and Ariya Jhānā via Cultivation of Satta Bojjhaṅga.”

▪It is also important to realize that even an Arahant will not lose the sense of taste; one increasingly will lose CRAVINGS for them; see “Kāma Rāga Dominates Rūpa Rāga and Arūpa Rāga.”

13. November 11, 2016: I get many questions on this topic, i.e., how to verify one is progressing towards the Sotāpanna stage. The new section, “Living Dhamma,” provides a systematic way to achieve that goal and provides guidelines on checking one’s progress.

▪January 23, 2020: The new “Origin of Life” section attempts to start “at the beginning” and get to more in-depth concepts of anicca, dukkha, and anatta. The deeper I get into the fundamental concepts, I realize there is much more! However, basic comprehension becomes more natural too. I may need to go back and revise many of the old posts. So, I would encourage everyone to read the new series with a deeper understanding.