June 21, 2023
Nāmarūpa, viññāṇa, and dhammā are closely related. They create kammic energies that can lead to rebirth in various existences (bhava) based on the types of saṅkhāra involved.
Introduction
1. Even though Paṭicca Samuppāda (PS) is written as a linear sequence, it does not start at “avijjā paccayā saṅkhāra.” It starts when an ārammaṇa or a sensory input comes to mind. See “Change of Mindset Due to an Ārammaṇa.”
▪Furthermore, once the PS process starts, it does not proceed linearly. As the chart below shows, the “taṇhā paccayā upādāna” step takes it back to the “avijjā paccayā saṅkhāra” step. That is because one starts generating saṅkhāra only after getting attached to an ārammaṇa.
Nāmarūpa, Viññāṇa, Dhammā – Closely Related
Print/Download pdf: “WebLink: PDF Download: Nāmarūpa, Viññāṇa, Dhammā”
2. Furthermore, at the “viññāṇa paccayā nāmarūpa” step, before proceeding to the next step, it may go back and forth between “viññāṇa paccayā nāmarūpa” and “nāmarūpa paccayā viññāṇa” steps as also shown in the chart.
▪Even though the 11 steps of PS are stated in a linear sequence for convenience, one must be able to see and understand these interconnections.
▪The main goal is to understand how different types of kammic energies (giving rise to rebirths in various realms) are created by different types of one’s own actions, i.e., abhisaṅkhāra.
▪That helps eliminate the wrong view (sakkāya diṭṭhi) that there is an “unchanging self/soul/ātman.”
Creation of Kammic Energies in the Mind
3. All the steps in the Idappaccayatā Paṭicca Samuppāda (PS) involve ONLY the mind and energies created by the mind. See “Idappaccayatā Paṭicca Samuppāda – Bhava and Jāti Within a Lifetime.”
•That is why NONE of its steps arise for a living Arahant. It is critical to contemplate this point.
•However, as we have discussed many times, one must not use the uddesa version but the niddesa version of PS. Otherwise, many seeming contradictions can arise leading to confusion. See “‘Elephant in the Room’ – Direct Translation of the Tipiṭaka.”
•Thus, for example, “saṅkhāra” and “viññāṇa” refer to “abhisaṅkhāra” and “kamma viññāṇa.” Therefore, a living Arahant is fully conscious (has viññāṇa) and experiences vedanā and saññā (saṅkhāra.) Furthermore, an Arahant does not have āyatana but has sense faculties (indriya.)
Idappaccayatā and Upapatti PS
4. It is the Idappaccayatā PS that operates at ANY given time.
▪Kammic energies generated in Idappaccayatā PS processes are “dhammā.” They are “anidassana/appaṭigha rūpa” lying below the suddhaṭṭhaka level, i.e., they do not belong to the 28 types of rūpa in the “rūpa loka”; see “Nāma Loka and Rūpa Loka – Two Parts of Our World.”
▪It is only at the moment of grasping a new existence (bhava) that a set of rūpa belonging to the “rūpa loka” (i.e., above the suddhaṭṭhaka level arises) via the Upapatti PS. That also occurs in an Idappaccayatā PS cycle at the moment of grasping a new existence/rebirth. Even those rūpas are invisible to us: the hadaya vatthu and a set of pasāda rūpa.
▪The Upapatti PS only describes the overall process (cumulative effect of uncountable Idappaccayatā PS cycles spanning even eons.)
▪That is a critical point to understand, and we can discuss it at the forum if there are any questions.
Critical Steps Where the Mind Creates Kammic Energy
5. Accumulation of kammic energy starts with the mind attaching to sensory input (ārammaṇa) because one has the wrong view/perception that it can bring future happiness. That initial attachment is automatic and is based on one’s gati: “Change of Mindset Due to an Ārammaṇa.”
▪Once attached, the mind starts engaging in various types of vacī and kāya abhisaṅkhāra, and of course, that is due to the ignorance (avijjā) of the Noble Truths/PS, i.e., “avijjā paccayā saṅkhāra.” See the above chart.
▪Thus, now the PS cycle jumps to the “avijjā paccayā saṅkhāra” step. Simultaneously, a “kamma viññāṇa” arises in the mind, which is an expectation based on lobha, dosa, and moha. “Kamma viññāṇa” is more than consciousness (viññāṇa); it has kammic energy! Some of these “kamma viññāṇa” can lead to rebirth and are specifically called “paṭisandhi viññāṇa.”
Nāmarūpa Formation – A Critical Step
6. With a specific expectation (kamma viññāṇa), the mind starts combining “nāma” and “rūpa”, i.e., generating “nāmarūpa.” The mind visualizes various scenarios in javana cittas generating kammic energy. This is the origin of “future hadaya vatthu/pasāda rūpa,” capable of generating cittās! Nothing else in the universe can produce cittās. However, since created by the mind, such a set of suddhaṭṭhaka has a temporary/transient existence and thus has no value; it is a mirage/ghost. Thus the name bhūta (ghost) for a manomaya kāya is made with a set of hadaya vatthu/pasāda rūpa. See “Bhūta and Yathābhūta – What Do They Really Mean” and “The Origin of Matter – Suddhaṭṭhaka.”
▪Both “kamma viññāṇa” and nāmarūpa are directly connected to kammic energy/kamma bīja that remains in viññāṇa dhātu to bring vipāka in the future. See “Nāma Loka and Rūpa Loka – Two Parts of Our World” and “Where Are Memories Stored? – Viññāṇa Dhātu.”
▪Those are critical steps that one will understand at successively deeper levels as one starts comprehending PS.
▪Now the mind may go back and forth between “viññāṇa paccayā nāmarūpa” and “nāmarūpa paccayā viññāṇa” many times before proceeding to the next step of “nāmarūpa paccayā saḷāyatana.” This allows nāmarūpa to get firmly established in “kamma viññāṇa.” See “WebLink: suttacentral: Nāmarūpa Sutta (SN 12.58).”
▪All steps in PS are discussed in detail at “Paṭicca Samuppāda in Plain English.”
▪It is a good idea to read the above links and to understand “nāmarūpa.”
Kamma Bhava Depends on the Ārammaṇa
7. Kammic energies can remain in viññāṇa dhātu for a long time. They are categorized into three main categories: kāma bhava, rūpa bhava, and arūpa bhava. That categorization can be easily seen with the type of ārammaṇa initiating the kamma accumulation.
▪Any immoral deed is done with an ārammaṇa in kāma loka and thus belongs in the kāma bhava. Engaging in meritorious deeds may lead to rebirth in a Deva realm, which also is within the kāma bhava.
▪On the other hand, one may focus on a kasiṇa object or breath and attain an anāriya jhāna. That is a kamma belonging to “rūpa bhava” since it leads to rebirth in a rūpāvacara Brahma realm.
▪The third type is “arūpa bhava,” and kammic energies accumulating in this category lead to rebirths in an arūpāvacara Brahma realm. One must cultivate arūpāvacara samāpatti to accrue kammic energies in this category.
▪All 31 realms belong to one of those three main categories of bhava.
8. Each main category has sub-categories according to the realm of possible rebirth. For example, the four realms in the apāyās, the human realm, and the six Deva realms belong to “kāma bhava.” The 16 rūpāvacara Brahma realms belong to the “rūpa bhava,” and the four arūpāvacara Brahma realms belong to the “arūpa bhava.”
▪I have indicated the three main categories in the above chart.
▪Also, note that a given ārammaṇa will initiate the accumulation of kammic energy in one of the three main bhava. See, for example, “WebLink: suttacentral: Paṭhamabhava Sutta (AN 3.76).”
Ārammaṇa to Abhisaṅkhāra to Kamma Bhava/Dhammā
9. Most of the ārammaṇa we encounter belong to kāma bhava. They lead to apuññābhisaṅkhāra (immoral deeds) or puññābhisaṅkhāra (moral deeds.)
▪A few humans cultivate anāriya jhāna by focusing the mind on a kasiṇa object or breath. Those deeds (kamma) also belong to the puññābhisaṅkhāra. But this type of puññābhisaṅkhāra leads to kammic energies in the “rūpa bhava.”
▪ An even smaller number of humans proceed beyond that and cultivate arūpāvacara samāpatti. Those involve āneñjābhisaṅkhāra, and accumulate kammic energies in the “arūpa bhava.”
▪These are discussed in detail in “Rebirths Take Place According to Abhisaṅkhāra.”
10. The critical point is that dhammās (with kammic energy) are created in Paṭicca Samuppāda processes that start with “avijjā paccayā (abhi)saṅkhāra.”
▪However, we start accumulating new kamma (via abhisaṅkhāra) when we get attached to an ārammaṇa (sensory event.) Thus, the initiation of PS cycles is not at the “avijjā paccayā saṅkhāra” step but the “(sam)phassa paccayā vedanā” step.
▪Attaching to sensory input (ārammaṇa) with liking (icchā) happens first; see the chart above. Also, see “Icchā (Cravings) Lead to Upādāna and to Eventual Suffering.”
The Meaning of “Dhammā”
11. “Dhammā” means “to bear.” They bear the kammic consequences of one’s actions and play a critical role in rebirth.
▪“Vipāka-bearing kammic energy” of a kamma stays in viññāṇa dhātu (or kamma bhava) as “kamma bīja” or “dhammā.”
▪Just like a rūpa can bring in a sensory input via the five physical senses, dhammā can directly bring a sensory input (memory of a previous kamma) to the mind.
▪While the five types of rūpa (vaṇṇa, sadda, gandha, rasa, phoṭṭhabba) belong to the “material world” made of suddhaṭṭhaka, “dhammā” are below the suddhaṭṭhaka stage.
▪As we know, a suddhaṭṭhaka is the smallest unit of matter in Buddha Dhamma belonging to the 28 types of rūpa made with the four elements of pathavi, āpo, tejo, vāyo. In contrast, dhammā are “upādāya rūpa.”
Dhammā Are Energies Below the Suddhaṭṭhaka Stage
12. Unlike the other five types of rūpa, dhammā cannot be seen (anidassana) or touched/detected even with most sensitive instruments (appaṭigha) and is detectable only with the mind (dhammāyatana pariyāpannaṁ). Again, they do not belong to the 28 types of rūpa in Abhidhamma.
▪That is explained in the last verse of “WebLink: suttacentral: Tikanikkhepa (Abhidhamma Ds 2.3.1)” in Dhammasaṅgaṇī as, “yañca rūpaṁ anidassanaṁ appaṭighaṁ dhammāyatanapariyāpannaṁ; asaṅkhatā ca dhātu—ime dhammā anidassana appaṭighā.”
▪Also see “Anidassana, Appaṭigha Rūpa Due to Anidassana Viññāṇa.”
▪Therefore, dhammās bear the fruits of kamma! They can bring vipāka in the future.
▪See “What are Rūpa? – Dhammā are Rūpa too!” for details.
13. All such dhammā generally appear in two forms: dhammā and adhammā.
▪The word dhammā generally refers to “good dhammā.” Those that arise due to “bad kamma” are “adhammā.”
▪“WebLink: suttacentral: Dhamma Sutta (AN 10.182)” provides a direct explanation. “Killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, divisive, harsh, or idle speech, greed, ill will, and wrong view. Those ten are adhammā. Abstaining from such actions (and having the mindset of generating “good javana power”) leads to dhammā.
▪However, both dhammā and adhammā belong to the dhammā category. It is just that adhammā “bear the fruits of bad kamma” and dhammā “bear the fruits of good kamma.”
▪The word “smell” indicates all types of odors, but if someone says “it smells,” that means it is a “bad odor.” That is the accepted usage. In the same way, dhammā may sometimes mean the “good type” but generally includes both. For example, dhammā in “manañca paṭicca dhamme ca uppajjati mano viññāṇaṁ” includes both types.
What Is Buddha Dhamma?
14. Dhamma (with the upper case “D” and short “a”) refers to Buddha’s teachings. In contrast, “dhammā” with lowercase “d” and long “a”) refers to kammic energies that can bring vipāka in the future.
▪Furthermore, Buddha Dhamma makes accumulated dhammā ineffective, thus leading to Nibbāna. For example, Aṅgulimāla killed almost a thousand people and was heading to rebirth in an apāya, but he avoided that because he attained Arahanthood.
▪The word Buddha comes from “bhava” + “uddha”; here, “bhava” means “existence (in the 31 realms),” and “uddha” means “removal” or “making ineffective.” Therefore, a Buddha figures out how to stop the rebirth process and thus end future suffering.
▪Thus, “Buddha Dhamma” is “bhava uddha dhamma.” It mainly refers to the teachings of the Buddha that lead to Nibbāna, i.e., to the “stopping of future existence/rebirths.”
▪Also, see “Dhamma and Dhammā – Different but Related.”
“Sabbe Dhammā Anattā”
15. I have seen in discussion forums people state, “sabbe dhammā anattā” means Buddha Dhamma is also anattā!
▪As we discussed above, dhammā is different from Buddha Dhamma.
▪“Sabbe dhammā anattā” applies only to dhammā (accrued kammic energies) and not to Buddha Dhamma.
▪Even though “good dhammās” lead to rebirth in human, Deva, and Brahma realms, they are ultimately useless because those existences are only temporary. At the end of such “temporary lives,” rebirth in lower realms (apāyās) is inevitable unless one starts on the Noble Path by attaining at least the Sotāpanna Anugāmi stage.