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Revised April 26, 2019; August 29, 2019

“Avijjā paccayā saṅkhārā” (Ignorance as root cause for immoral/unfruitful actions and thoughts). That is the same as saying “avijjā nirodha” leads to “saṅkhāra nirodha.” All following terms in the Akusala-Mūla paṭicca samuppāda cycle will stop arising and thus all suffering stop arising with the complete removal of avijjā.

1. Avijjā (loosely translated as ignorance), is defined in many ways: not knowing the Four Noble Truths, not understanding the Noble Eightfold Path, not understanding the Three Characteristics of nature, not understanding dukkha, etc.

▪All these are correct, but just reading about them is not going to help. The mind needs sees how suffering arises due to immoral and unwise actions (and thoughts).

▪The Paṭicca Samuppāda cycle clarifies how the three kinds of suffering arise. One does not comprehend the true nature of the world, and think (and do) immoral/unfruitful things.

2. You may be wondering whether I was untruthful when I said this series will be in “plain English.” Especially If you have not read the first two posts. I did describe these three terms in plain English, and there is no easy way to get the same meaning across without using Pāli words.

▪So, once I clarify them, I have to use these Pāli terms in order to keep a post to a reasonable length. One can always go back and read previous introductory posts to refresh memory.

3. The standard interpretation of “avijjā paccayā saṅkhārā” reads “ignorance leads to mental formations.” That does not get the underlying ideas across and also misleading. I believe that “ignorance as root cause and condition for immoral/unfruitful actions” is a better translation, and I will explain why.

First let us look at the difference between immoral acts and unfruitful acts.

▪We saw that dukkha dukkha in the four lower realms is the worst form of suffering. And we saw the cause of that as the immoral acts done with the ten defilement or dasa akusala. Thus worst types of saṅkhāra are responsible for dukkha dukkha in the lower four realms.

▪Why do we do any of such potent immoral acts that give rise to dukkha dukkha of the worst kinds in the lower four realms? Because to a very high degree of ignorance of the consequences of such acts. For example, if one does not believe in rebirth, then it is hard to see how such immoral acts can have consequences. After all, there are many people engaged in unethical behavior who seem to be enjoying life.

▪Such high level of ignorance is called moha (which means totally covered, totally blind mind), and the closest English word is “delusion.”

▪A murderer who PLANS and kills another human is a good example. He thinks that if he can plan it well, he can avoid “getting caught” by the justice system and then will not have to pay for his actions. There are MUCH WORSE consequences waiting for him, regardless of whether the police catch him or not. He does not know that he is likely to get killed a thousand times in return in future births.

4. Thus immoral actions like killing, stealing, etc are responsible for the worst outcomes, the worst kinds of future suffering; these are the worst forms of saṅkhārā.

▪On the other side of the spectrum for saṅkhāra are the unfruitful actions that lead to lower levels of saṅkhāra dukkha in this very life. For example, when we get attached to things/people via strong attachments or dislikes, that can lead to mental suffering in this life.

▪However, such unfruitful actions can also form bad habits that can grow into more significant problems with time. Someone acting with greed or dislikes habitually can tend to make those stronger and eventually grow into stronger forms of excess greed and hate, leading to immoral acts. We will discuss how this happens via the Paṭicca Samuppāda steps.

▪Of course the severity of the consequences will be according to the severity and nature of the act: “pati+ichcha” leading to “sama” + “uppada”, as we will discuss in detail later. See, “Paṭicca Samuppāda – “Pati + ichcha” + “Sama + uppāda”” for the meaning of Paṭicca Samuppāda. When one is even willing to do immoral acts to get what one wants, the consequences will also be stronger and “in-kind.” Then there are “unfruitful acts” that can lead to comparatively minor forms of suffering in the near term but can also add up to more significant effects in the long run.

▪Thus one has to think beyond the five precepts to understand the origin of saṅkhāra dukkha. I know I am repeating some statements, but I want to make sure to get these essential ideas across.

I hope it is clear now why “immoral/unfruitful actions, speech and thoughts” is a better translation for saṅkhāra than “mental formations.” Saṅkhārā are all mental; kāya and vacī saṅkhārā are those thoughts that LEAD TO actions and speech.

5. Now let us discuss the other erroneous aspect of the translation of “avijjā paccayā saṅkhāra” as “ignorance leads to mental formations.” For further details, see, “What Does “Paccaya” Mean in Paṭicca Samuppāda?.”

▪Ignorance (avijjā) is not there all the time. Even the worst criminal does not do immoral acts or even unfruitful acts ALL THE TIME. But when he does, such actions are done with ignorance as a root cause.

▪It applies to all of us: The more we learn Dhamma, the more we get rid of ignorance. Then will we not think or do either immoral or unfruitful things, i.e., any type of (abhi)saṅkhāra.

6. A closely related issue to think about is what kind of control we have over saṅkhāra. There are three types of saṅkhāra: kāya saṅkhāra (those that lead to physical acts), vacī saṅkhāra (those that lead to speech), and mano saṅkhāra (those that automatically arise due to our gati).

▪If we know right from wrong, we can control MOST of our physical actions and speech. We may even start saying something terrible and stop ourselves in the middle of the sentence.

▪Depending on the emotional state of the mind, it may be not possible to control our actions under extreme stressful situations. Even a normally calm person may get into a rage if he catches his wife engaging in sex with another man. He may even kill that man in the heat of the moment.

▪We also know “good people” who were tempted to do immoral things. That is especially true if the “payout or the perceived pleasure” was big enough. That is the danger of “not being free of the four lower realms.”

▪More information at: “Saṅkhāra – What It Really Means.”

7. The third category, mano saṅkhāra, are also hard to control by will power instantly. I think we all can think about situations where it was hard to control greedy/hateful thoughts. We may start thinking about something, and the mind takes us all over the place. Such thoughts normally involve “what we could have,” and also fantasize about all kinds of sense pleasures. One needs to stop such thoughts and think about their consequences willfully.

▪These can only be lessened and ultimately stopped by changing one’s habits (“gathi”) and cravings (“āsavas”). That applies to kāya and vacī saṅkhāra done on “impulse” or “temptations” discussed above.

▪And that comes about by realizing the unfruitfulness of any saṅkhāra. That is strongly related to comprehending the Three Characteristics. We will be analyzing this in the upcoming steps of Paṭicca Samuppāda.

8. Thus the key is to change one’s bad habits over time. Then, gradually, even such mano saṅkhāra will STOP FROM ARISING.

▪It may be hard to believe, but a significant part of this change of habits and cravings comes from comprehending the Three Characteristics of this world. One would realize that it does not MAKE SENSE to hurt others (including animals) to get sense pleasure for oneself. That makes a BIG DIFFERENCE in one’s outlook about what a “good life is.”

▪Contrary to what most people believe, a life filled with sense pleasures is not a “good, peaceful, life.” An extravagant life can eventually become a “burdened life” because our body’s ability to accommodate sense pleasures goes down as we age. This realization itself leads to “cooling down” of the mind. Anyway, as we discuss further, and if one contemplates more along with these ideas, these concepts will slowly become apparent.

9. In summary, all three kinds of suffering arise due to saṅkhāra that range from highly immoral acts to seemingly innocent unfruitful actions. All saṅkhāra arise due to avijjā.

▪That is why “avijjā paccayā saṅkhārā” is the first step in the Paṭicca Samuppāda cycle, which ends with “jara, marana, soka, parideva, dukkha, …..” all kinds of suffering.

▪At the Arahant stage, one has removed avijjā (i.e., optimized paññā), and thus abhisaṅkhāra that lead to rebirth cannot arise; that is Saupadisesa Nibbāna. At the death of the physical body, the Arahant is not reborn and thus, at that time, all saṅkhāra cease to arise (Anupadisesa Nibbāna or Parinibbāna or “complete Nibbāna”).

▪That is how “avijjā nirodha” leads to “saṅkhāra nirodha.”

Thus we can see in a simple way how suffering arises with immoral/unfruitful actions as causes. One engages in such activities due to ignorance of the true nature of the world: anicca, dukkha, anatta. Here we discussed how ignorance gives rise to saṅkhāra. In the next post, we will discuss how saṅkhārā leads to viññāṇa (or defiled consciousness). That is the next step leading to dukkha (suffering).

Next, “Saṅkhāra paccayā Viññāṇa – 1”, ……….