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January 6, 2018; revised October 10, 2019; April 12, 2021; January 12, 2022; January 29,2024

Introduction

1. I have seen several discussion forums discuss the verse, “viññāṇāṁ anidassanaṁ anantaṁ sabbato pabhaṁ..”. Many say, “There is controversy about the precise meaning of this enigmatic phrase.” See, for example, “WebLink: suttacentral: Viññāṇa anidassana: the state of boundless consciousness.”

▪The most common translations say, “Consciousness is non-manifest (sometimes as consciousness without surface), infinite, radiant all around.”

▪Such incorrect translations then led to another drastic error: saying that “anidassana viññāṇa” is the same as the “pabhassara citta” and even as bhavaṅga. All these are astonishingly wrong!

What Is Viññāṇa?

2. Viññāṇa is a central and critical concept to understand. I have started an in-depth discussion of viññāṇa in an advanced subsection of the “Living Dhamma” section: “Viññāṇa Aggregate.”

▪In this post, I describe a meaningful translation to the verse, “viññāṇāṁ anidassanaṁ anantaṁ sabbato pabhaṁ..” that is consistent with all the suttā in the Tipiṭaka. I would welcome any evidence to the contrary.

▪Now, we are getting into deep concepts. I would urge reading the related posts mentioned above first. Depending on one’s background, grasping these concepts may take time.

▪One needs to read the posts in the subsection “Nāma & Rūpa to Nāmarūpa” of which “Viññāṇa Aggregate” is a part. If one does not understand those concepts, one could keep going back to earlier sections in the “Living Dhamma” section. It is designed to go from simple to profound.

What Does Anidassana Mean?

3. First, let us find the meaning of “anidassana” from the Tipiṭaka. The word nidassana means an ‘illustration’ is visible. Anidassana implies something that is not visible.

▪For example, dhammā impinge on the mana indriya and give rise to mano viññāṇa via “manañca paṭicca dhamme ca uppajjati manoviññāṇaṁ.” Those dhammā also cannot be seen; dhammā are just energies lying below the suddhaṭṭhaka stage.

▪These dhammā are, “anidassanaṁ appaṭighaṁ dhammāyatana pariyāpanna rūpaṁ” or “cannot be seen, cannot be touched, and belong to the dhammāyatana”; see, “What are rūpa? – Dhammā are rūpa too!.”

4. In the WebLink: suttacentral: Kakacūpama Sutta (MN 21): “..Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, puriso āgaccheyya lākhaṁ vā haliddiṁ vā nīlaṁ vā mañjiṭṭhaṁ vā ādāya. So evaṁ vadeyya: ‘ahaṁ imasmiṁ ākāse rūpaṁ likhissāmi, rūpapātubhāvaṁ karissāmī’ti. Taṁ kiṁ maññatha, bhikkhave, api nu so puriso imasmiṁ ākāse rūpaṁ likheyya, rūpapātubhāvaṁ kareyyā”ti? “No hetaṁ, Bhante.” “Taṁ kissa hetu”? “Ayañhi, Bhante, ākāso arūpī anidassano. .”

Translated: “..Bhikkhus, a man may come along bringing off white or yellow or dark green or crimson colors, and may say: ‘I will draw shapes in the sky, I will make material shapes appear.’ What do you think about this, monks? Could that man draw pictures in the sky with those colors?” “No, Bhante. It is not possible to draw shapes in the empty sky that are visible, that can manifest as figures.”

5. In the “WebLink: wikipedia.org: Nibbāna-The Mind Stilled” series, Bhikkhu Kaṭukurunde Ñāṇananda has provided more evidence that “anidassana” means “something that is not visible” or “something that does not manifest”; see, Sermons 7 and 8 in Volume II, which can be found under “Published work” section at, “Katukurunde Ñāṇananda Thera.” [WebLink: PDF File: seeingthroughthenet.net: Books by Bhikkhu Kaṭukurunde Ñāṇananda]

▪However, his explanation of viññāṇa is critically wrong, as I explain below. That is a common mistake that I see in many current interpretations. See, “Anidassana, Appaṭigha Rūpa Due to Anidassana Viññāṇa.”

Viññāṇa Is More Than Consciousness

6. Even in Theravāda textbooks, Viññāṇa is translated as “consciousness” or “awareness.” But it is much more than that. Viññāṇa represents much more: “our hopes and desires that we want from this world.” That is a critical point — that makes the connection between mind and matter (rūpa).

▪We believe that things in this world will provide us with long-lasting happiness. Thus, we do vacī and kāya saṅkhāra to achieve them. Then, “saṅkhāra paccayā viññāṇa” leads to the cultivation of a corresponding viññāṇa.

▪Viññāṇa (especially kamma viññāṇa) means without ñāṇa. When one follows the Noble Path, one comprehends the Three Characteristics of nature (anicca, dukkha, anatta). Then, one realizes the unfruitfulness of having such false hopes, i.e., cultivate paññā.

7. That is quite clear from Paṭicca Samuppada: “avijjā paccayā saṅkhāra; saṅkhāra paccayā viññāṇa; viññāṇa paccayā nāmarūpa, nāmarūpa paccayā saḷāyatana, saḷāyatana paccayā phasso, phassa paccayā vedanā, vedanā paccayā taṇhā, taṇhā paccayā upādāna, upādāna paccayā bhavo, bhava paccayā jāti, jāti paccayā jarā, marana, soka-parideva-dukkha-domanassupāyāsā sambhavan’ti.” [Avijjāpaccayā saṅkhārā, saṅkhārapaccayā viññāṇaṁ, viññāṇapaccayā nāmarūpaṁ, nāmarūpapaccayā saḷāyatanaṁ, saḷāyatanapaccayā phasso, phassapaccayā vedanā, vedanāpaccayā taṇhā, taṇhāpaccayā upādānaṁ, upādānapaccayā bhavo, bhavapaccayā jāti, jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇaṁ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā sambhavanti. Evametassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa samudayo hoti.]

▪All future suffering arises because we act with avijjā (i.e., generate abhisaṅkhāra) to achieve pleasurable worldly things and thereby create viññāṇa.

Two Types of Viññāṇa

8. Each citta of a human — which exists only for a billionth of a second — is contaminated in 9 stages. Then it is added to the viññāṇakkhandha! See; “Pabhassara Citta, Radiant Mind, and Bhavaṅga.”

▪ A kamma viññāṇa is a contaminated citta. Those arise via “saṅkhāra paccayā viññāṇa.” However, vipāka viññāṇa are just consciousness or “awareness”; see, “Viññāṇa – What It Really Means.”

▪The contamination of a citta manifests in saññā and vedanā.”

▪See details in “Nāma & Rūpa to Nāmarūpa.”

9. It is stated in the “WebLink: suttacentral: Saṅgīti Sutta (Dīgha Nikāya 33)”: “Tividhena rūpasaṅgaho—sanidassanasappaṭighaṁ rūpam, anidassanasappaṭighaṁ rūpaṁ, anidassanaappaṭighaṁ rūpaṁ.” [Sanidassanasappaṭigha = Sanidassana Sappaṭigha. Only light falls into this category as it can be “seen” and “detected with instruments.” Anidassanasappaṭigha = Anidassana sappaṭigha. Sadda (sound), gandha (odor particles), rasa (taste particles), and phoṭṭhabba (matter responsible for the touch) cannot be seen but can be detected with instruments. Anidassanaappaṭigha = Anidassana Appaṭigha. Only dhamma rūpa belongs to this category since that cannot be seen or detected with any instrument. Scientists are unaware of this category.]

Translated: “Threefold classification of rūpa (matter) – visible and graspable, invisible and graspable, invisible and ungraspable.”

▪Three types of rūpa are sensed with the six sense faculties – the five physical senses and the mana indriya.

▪Those rūpā detected with the mana indriya are dhamma: “manañca paṭicca dhamme ca uppajjati manoviññāṇaṁ”; see, “What are rūpa? – Dhammā are rūpa too!.”

▪These are the rūpa of the third kind: invisible and ungraspable (anidassan aappaṭighaṁ): “anidassanaṁ appaṭighaṁ dhammāyatana pariyāpanna rūpaṁ”; see, “What are rūpa? – Dhammā are rūpa too!.”

▪Those rūpā of the third kind are same as nāmarūpa that arise due to viññāṇa: “Kamma Viññāṇa and Nāmarūpa Paricceda Ñāṇa.”

▪That is explained systematically in the subsection: “Nāma & Rūpa to Nāmarūpa.”

Viññāṇa Is The Link Between Mind and Matter

10. Viññāṇa is also the link between mind and matter, even though it is in the “nāma” or mind category” most of the time.

▪In the WebLink: suttacentral: Paṭiccasamuppāda Vibhaṅga, nāma is defined as only the first three khandha: “Tattha katamaṁ nāmaṁ? Vedanākkhandho, saññākkhandho, saṅkhārakkhandho—idaṁ vuccati “nāmaṁ.” This is a clear indication that viññāṇa khandha does not really belong in the “nāma or mind category.”

▪Even though vipāka viññāṇa is conclusively in the “nāma” category, kamma viññāṇa have energies, and thus fall into the rūpa category. Sometimes viññāṇa is not included in the “nāma” category for this reason.

▪The post, “Viññāṇa – What It Really Means” pointed that out. You may want to read that first. As that post pointed out, kamma viññāṇa are different from vipāka viññāṇa in that kamma viññāṇa have energies embedded in them.

▪Solid confirmation is in the WebLink: suttacentral: Majje Sutta (AN 6.61), where the Buddha stated that nāma is at one end, rūpa is at the other end, with viññāṇa in the middle: “nāmaṁ kho, āvuso, eko anto, rūpaṁ dutiyo anto, viññāṇaṁ majjhe.”

Viññāṇa Is The Cause For Rebirth and Suffering

11. The real nature of viññāṇa as the cause for suffering is clearly stated in the “WebLink: suttacentral: Dvayatānupassanāsutta (Sutta Nipata 3.12)”:

“Yaṁ kiñci dukkhaṁ sambhoti,

Sabbaṁ viññāṇapaccayā;

Viññāṇassa nirodhena,

Natthi dukkhassa sambhavo.”

Translated: “Whatever suffering that arises, all that arises due to viññāṇa; When arising of viññāṇa is stopped, suffering due to new existences cannot arise.” Note that viññāṇa here refers specifically to kamma viññāṇa discussed in #8 above.

▪That should lay to rest any arguments about viññāṇa being the same as Nibbāna, pabhassara citta, or bhavaṅga.

▪A critical point that I have been trying to make is that when one sees such dramatic contradiction somewhere, one should be skeptical about that source’s trustworthiness. That is the only way to make progress.

Brahmanimantanika Sutta (MN 49)

12. The phrase “viññāṇāṁ anidassanaṁ anantaṁ sabbato pabhaṁ.” appears in the WebLink: suttacentral: Brahmanimantanika Sutta (Majjhima Nikāya 49). I will first provide the essential parts of the Sutta relevant to the meaning of this verse.

Here is the essence of the Sutta in plain English:

At one time, the Buddha saw that the following wrong view came to the mind of the Baka Brahmā (who is the leader of the Mahā Brahma realm; see, “31 Realms of Existence”): “My existence is permanent, it is stable, it is eternal, and is not liable to passing away.”

To correct the wrong view of the Baka Brahmā, vanishing from near the great sāl-tree in the Subhaga Grove at Ukkaṭṭhā, the Buddha appeared in that Brahma-world.

Baka Brahmā saw the Buddha coming, welcomed him, and told him: “Idañhi, mārisa, niccaṁ, idaṁ dhuvaṁ, idaṁ sassataṁ, idaṁ kevalaṁ, idaṁ acavanadhammaṁ, idañhi na jāyati na jīyati na mīyati na cavati na upapajjati. Ito ca panaññaṁ uttari nissaraṇaṁ natthī’ti.”

Translated: “This existence, good sir, can be maintained to my liking; it is stable, it is eternal. It encompasses all and is not liable to pass away. IT is not born, nor does it age or die or pass away or arise. There is no further release from this existence.”

The Buddha replied: “You are ignorant. You say your existence can be to your liking, but that is not so. It is not permanent as you say…” (yatra hi nāma aniccaṁyeva samānaṁ niccanti vakkhati, addhuvaṁyeva samānaṁ dhuvanti vakkhati).

▪By the way, it is essential to note that the Pāli word for “permanent” is “dhuva” and not “nicca.”

The Buddha added, “..although you say there is no further release, there is indeed a permanent release” (“santañca panaññaṁ uttari nissaraṇaṁ “natthaññaṁ uttari nissaraṇan”ti vakkhatī’ti.”

▪Then there is an account of how Māra the Deva, having entered a particular company of Brahmā, spoke to encourage the Brahma. I will skip that account to get to the crux of the matter.

Baka Brahmā then replied to the Buddha: “But, good sir, I say “nicca” because it is so, I say “stable” because it is stable, I say “eternal” because it is eternal. There is no more suffering,…I have escaped from the cravings for pathavi, āpo, tejo, vāyo dhātu.” (Meaning he has overcome taṇhā for sensual pleasures available in the kāma loka comprised from the four (cattāro) mahā dhātu).

The Buddha told the Baka Brahma that he knew that the Baka Brahma had transcended the kāma loka and was fully aware of his powers. The Buddha added that there were things in this world that the Brahma was unaware of. (1) There are higher Brahma realms, (2) Baka Brahma himself was in the Abhassara Brahma realm, died there and was now reborn in this lower Brahma realm. The Buddha told the Baka Brahma: “You neither know nor see those higher realms, but I know and see them.”

Here is the relevant part of the Sutta where the Buddha tells Baka Brahma: ”Pathaviṁ kho ahaṁ, brahme, pathavito abhiññāya yāvatā pathaviyā pathavattena ananubhūtaṁ tadabhiññāya pathaviṁ nāpahosiṁ, pathaviyā nāpahosiṁ, pathavito nāpahosiṁ, pathaviṁ meti nāpahosiṁ, pathaviṁ nābhivadiṁ…”

Translated: Brahma, knowing pathavi to be just pathavi (devoid of life), knowing the true nature of pathavi, I do not take pathavi to be me. (No attachment to things in the kāma loka made out of the (condensed versions of) cattāro (four) mahā bhūta).”

▪Then he repeated the same verse for the other three mahā bhūta of which the bodies of beings in kāma loka are made of āpo, tejo, vāyo.

Finally, he summarized it all in the following verse, which we discussed in the post: “Viññāṇaṁ anidassanaṁ anantaṁ sabbato pabhaṁ, taṁ pathaviyā pathavattenaananubhūtaṁ, āpassa āpattena ananubhūtaṁ, tejassa tejattena ananubhūtaṁ, vāyassavāyattena ananubhūtaṁ, bhūtānaṁ bhūtattena ananubhūtaṁ, devānaṁ devattenaananubhūtaṁ, pajāpatissa pajāpatittena ananubhūtaṁ, brahmānaṁ brahmattenaananubhūtaṁ, ābhassarānaṁ ābhassarattena ananubhūtaṁ, subhakiṇhānaṁ subhakiṇhānaṁ subhakiṇhattena ananubhūtaṁ, vehapphalānaṁ vehapphalattena ananubhūtaṁ, abhibhussa abhibhuttena ananubhūtaṁ, sabbassa sabbattena ananubhūtaṁ..”

Translated: “Viññāṇa is unseen, infinite, and leads to the rebirth process for all. With viññāṇa (defiled consciousness), one cannot comprehend the real nature of pathavi, āpo, tejo, vāyo, bhūta, deva, pajapti brahma, abhassara brahma, subhakinha brahma, vehapphala brahma, etc., i.e., everything in this world (sabba).”

▪See, “Bhūta and Yathābhūta – What Do They Really Mean.” Also, note that viññāṇa referred to in the above verse and in #11 is “kamma viññāṇa” and NOT “vipāka viññāṇa”; see, “Abhisaṅkhāra Lead to Kamma Viññāṇa.”

Then, the Buddha concluded: “Thus, Brahmā, I am not merely on an exact equality with you regarding super-knowledge; I am indeed higher in knowledge.”

Then Brahma challenged the Buddha, saying that he would disappear and that if the Buddha is of higher knowledge, he would try to find him. But he was unable to hide from the Buddha.

Then the Buddha said, “Now I am vanishing from you, Brahmā. Find me if you can.” Of course, Brahma could not find the Buddha and thus had to concede defeat.

That is the essence of that long sutta, that is relevant to this discussion.

There Is No Refuge In Any of The Thirty One Realms

13. We must realize that indeed the Mahā Brahmā has a very long lifetime of a quarter of our universe’s age (several billion years).

▪Furthermore, Brahmās do not have solid bodies like ours, they are not subject to diseases or bodily pains. They live a peaceful life until the end of their bhava. So it is no surprise that the Baka Brahma thought that he had overcome all suffering by getting rid of the human body. See the post on “Body Types in 31 Realms – Importance of Manomaya Kāya” for details on the bodies of beings in other realms.

▪Of course, Brahmā can still have future births in the apāyā. Unless they had attained at least the Sotāpanna stage of Nibbāna, they have only suppressed kāma rāga and have not removed any of the ten saṁyojana.

▪That should give us a lot to think about our suffering-causing body that lasts only about 100 years! There is absolutely nothing to be proud of one’s physical body or to feel that it is worthwhile to take this foul body to be “mine.” That is one way to get rid of sakkāya diṭṭhi.

▪The question is not whether there is a “self” or not. Is it wise to think that it is worthwhile to have the perception of a “self”and do things only for the pleasure of the “self”? If born a dog, would it be the same self?  But if one does lowly deeds that a dog does (say defecating in public, having sex with children, etc.), one could be born a dog. The wrong perception of a “self” can lead to immoral actions and suffering in future lives.

14. I hope this post, together with the posts “Anidassana, Appaṭigha Rūpa Due to Anidassana Viññāṇa,” makes  it clear what viññāṇa is, and what is meant by the famous verse, “viññāṇāṁ anidassanaṁ anantaṁ sabbato pabhaṁ.”

Also, see “Where Are Memories Stored? – Viññāṇa Dhātu.”